Concept of Language Contact in Linguistic

Language contact only happens when two or more people speaking different languages come together, or spend time together. Contact linguistic is the study of language contact. When people speaking different languages stay together and interact freely, the different languages they speak influence each other resulting to neologism.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Language Contact in Linguistic specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Languages usually grow bit by bit and with time they become popular (Sun, 2006). Commonly, languages influence each other through the exchange of words. The influence increases leading to even an exchange of grammar structuring and formation of sentences. Other times, the contact of two languages can lead to a partial replacement of one language by the other. In other cases like in a situation where people without a common language interact, language contact can lead to the formation of new languages. As time goes by, the two languages develop to become one common language. The influence that impacts one language is usually as a result of the neighborhood one is in. This is because when one group is more populated than the other, people tend to get more used to one language than the other. In most cases, changes brought about by language contact affect one language more than the other. For example, Chinese has had a significant effect on Japanese and their word formation. On the other hand, Chinese remains free of Japanese influence even after playing a crucial role in formation of Japanese words. A great deal of Chinese Neologism is either from European missionaries or retrieved from the Japanese. The modern Chinese uses the word culture to represent culture. It is also widely used as a neologized term for the European borrowed word from Japanese (Stemmer Whitaker, 2008). Chinese people in modern China cause neologism when they come to contact with people of different foreign cultures, and who speak different languages. Trade between the Chinese people and the Europeans has contributed to the occurrence of neologism. Chinese people sell their wares to people who speak other languages. When individuals from nations that do not have a common language come together for business purposes the necessity for a common language comes up for the transaction to take place. This has considerably contributed to the evolution of new words that probably never existed in either Chinese or European languages.Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The origin of Indo-European family of languages in china was as a result of migration. This is a combination of English and other European languages. The majority of people who use this language are believed to have been pastoralist, and when they came together they gradually formed a new language. Missionary activit ies also contributed to Neologism. This happened when they translated some European words to Chinese. The exposure of China to European philosophy and academic rules also contributed to neologism (Jung, 2002). It is notable that most morphemes from European language initially became popular in Japan, before they were introduced to China. This is because Chinese people have developed a better understanding of European opinion on matters that affect them. The English words commonly used are ok and bye and almost all the Chinese people in modern china understand them. The most successful neologisms from European are those that are semantic and phonemic at the same time like the Chinese word mà -nà -qÚn (charm-you-skirt) for miniskirt. Note that it is initially a loan blend because qui is not a transliteration for the English work skirt. Mi-ni is phonemic as it transliterates mini in English (Liu, 1999). In modern China, cases of intermarriage with European Japanese and also othe r people who come from other parts of the world are unusually many. As a result, these different languages come together leading to the occurrence of neologism. Young people who leave China for Europe for the purpose of further education return to china later in their lives speaking other languages. They return carrying the effect of living in a country that speaks another language (Cha, 2001). Others move from Japan to china for sports purposes and vice versa. Because of the need to communicate, the people learn the basics from each other, and the interaction form a common language. It does not have to be an entirely new language, the essential thing is that these people can easily relate, and communicate with each other. The need for leisure activities has seen people move from one country to another. Tourism has seen many people move from one country to another contributing to the alteration of the original language of the places mostly visited by tourists (Liu, 1999). Once they stay there for some time, the languages they speak interact and chances of one language taking other the other are extremely high.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Language Contact in Linguistic specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For a person whose origin is Europe working in China, he/she has to learn Chinese. In this case, because of his European origin, some altered Chinese terms produce entirely new terms, but with a meaning. At times, the need for a new name to describe something leads to a development or borrowing of words from other languages. References Cha, T. H. K. (2001). DicteÃŒ e. Berkeley, Calif. [u.a.: Univ. of California Press. Jung, H. Y. (2002). Comparative political culture in the age of globalization: An  introductory anthology. Lanham [u.a.: Lexington Books. Liu, L. H. (1999). Tokens of exchange: The problem of translation in global circulations. Durham, N.C: Duke Univ. Press. Ste mmer, B., Whitaker, H. A. (2008). Handbook of the neuroscience of language. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. Sun, C. (2006). Chinese: A linguistic introduction. Cambridge [u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press. This essay on Concept of Language Contact in Linguistic was written and submitted by user London Stephenson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Kobe Earthquake 1995 essays

Kobe Earthquake 1995 essays Earthquakes are natural hazards, which occur on plate margins. Earthquakes are the result of plate movements. The strain builds up along the fault line between two plates until they move causing earthquakes. So why did the Kobe earthquake happen? Japan is at a high risk to earthquakes. Kobe is no exception. Japans second most major port is situated on a minor fault, the Nojma Fault. Unfortunately it lies above a destructive plate margin. Kobe is located above where the Philippines crust (oceanic crust) and the Eurasion crust (continental crust) meet. It was along this fault that the triggered the earthquake that hit Kobe. At 5.46am on January 17th 1995, whilst many of its citizens were still asleep, the Japanese city of Kobe was hit by the largest earthquake in Japan since 1923. It was recorded at 7.2 on the Richter scale and lasted for 20 seconds. During this time the ground moved 18cm horizontally and 12cm vertically. The earthquake was not only powerful but the epicentre was only 20km away from the city, it resulted in massive damage to property and loss of life. The worst effected area was in the central part of Kobe, a region about 5km by 20km alongside the main docks and port area. This area is built on soft and easily removed rocks; especially the port itself is built on reclaimed ground. Here the ground actually liquefied and acted like thick soup, allowing buildings to topple sideways, resulting in huge cranes in the harbour toppling over into the sea. More than 102,000 buildings were destroyed in Kobe, leaving 300,00 people homeless. The cost to repair the infrastructure of the city was est imated at $150 billion dollars, and that was just for the state owned buildings and services. The final cost makes the earthquake the most expensive natural disaster in modern history. Remember all that for just 20 seconds of earthquake. ...

Epigenetic Modification in Human Thyroid Cancer Essay

Epigenetic Modification in Human Thyroid Cancer - Essay Example Neo-Darwinism, has been stretched to incorporate epigenetics from an evolutionary perspective and even from a Non-Lamarckian viewpoint, epigenetics does have an important role in evolution. Epigenetic changes are heritable in nature and in some cases large unexplained heritance of certain characters does take place yet this is important to maintain both genotypic and phenotypic variability. Epigenetic modifications are extremely crucial to maintain human body functions and improper functioning of these modifications can cause adverse health effects and lead to major diseases of the human body. Epigenetic events include modifications of the histone proteins and leads to regulation of chromatin structure and subsequently lead to alteration of the gene function. Researchers have identified deficiency of biotin as one of the major regulatory factors in modifying the chromatin structure. In fact, epigenetics involves the transgenerational transmittance of phenotypic characters which previously solely attributed to genetics. Transgeneration epigenetics refers to the inheritance of information from one organism to another. The transfer of certain characters for example maternal care have been studied. According to a study conducted by Champagne in 2008, epigenetic alterations helps in transferring of traits such as maternal care form the mother to the female off-spring, post-partum. Such transfers have mostly been attributed to epigenetics change sin neuronal and endocrine processes on the body.

Clinical Care Classification System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Clinical Care Classification System - Essay Example Through care, management programs are new systems that respond to the problems associated with the health sector. The mechanisms of the IMA and the Insight Plus have been implemented towards the establishment of better medical aid. Some failure and successes are evident through the undertakings. Medical informatics requires relevant vocabularies in order to support the best application within the existent medical standards. The medical informatics tends to describe the required standards to the international users and other personalities within the fields that utilize similar standards. The adoption process have been relatively slow given that for the past years since implementation, the system development has encountered difficulties attempting to meet the international scale needs. According to Cimino (1998), the looming question over the terms added to the vocabulary has been-‘why don’t it have what I want it to say?’ This correspondingly implies that the addition of more terms that meets the requirement of most people must be implemented for the system to work efficiently. Through implementing the list within the desiderata, there are possibilities of establishing controlled vocabularies sharable and reusable. Several aspects tend to hinder the task of listing the desiderata for the controlled vocabularies. Firstly, the desired characteristics of the vocabulary must be multipurpose in nature, and there are multiple intended purposes. The desired characteristics targeted by the listing range from: capturing clinical findings, the natural language processing, medical indexing records, indexing medical literature and representing medical knowledge (Cimmo, 1998). Aside from the above-mentioned problems in summarizing desiderata, differentiating opinions and putting them together is a major problem relative to the listings. According to Cimmo in his article ‘Desiderata for Controlled Medical Vocabularies in the twenty-First

ISO 9001 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

ISO 9001 - Coursework Example Quality Assurance (Oakland 1995) is a planned and systematic approach to ensure the quality of the product through prevention of quality problems. Total Quality Management is an organisation wide philosophy aimed at identifying and achieving the needs and expectations of all the stakeholders, with an underlying principle of continual improvement. Quality Management System (BS EN ISO 9001:2008) is a complex web of the tangible and intangible assets of an organisation. An organisation is greatly influenced by its business environment (Kotler & Keller 2006) which is made up of the micro and macro environments. The micro environment is a set of factors which are unique to the individual organisation. It consists of the organisation’s internal values, super ordinate goals, employees, customers, distribution and other intermediaries and the public, at large. Macro environment factors are uncontrollable and affect all organisations, irrespective of nature, size and industry. The vari ous elements such as the political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, demographic, international, physical etc. comprise this phenomenon. 1.2) List the reasons for implementing a Quality Management System (at least 5).   Quality Management Systems (QMS) has become a requisite in today’s hyper-competitive world. By means of a transparent and clear authority-responsibility hierarchy, the quality of leadership and management is improved resulting in a more effective organisation. This also lays the foundation for enhanced employee commitment and satisfaction and a sense of organisational ownership is fostered. There is a remarkable improvement in the quality of products which leads to greater customer satisfaction. All these benefits add up to a better corporate image with the stakeholders of the organisation such as shareholders, internal and external customers, distributors and supply chain intermediaries, government and society, at large. It is a source of sustainabl e competitive advantage. 1.3) What are the requirements for the successful implementation of a QMS within a company?   QMS to be successful must have the blessings of the top management. Quality is not a one shot activity and is resource driven. Strategic leadership, co-operation and involvement of all the employees, barring none, are the keys to effective implementation. Patience is a virtue and any undue haste or short cuts would prove detrimental to the QMS cause. Clear and elaborate documentation eases the entire quality effort. Regular monitoring and review paves the way for success of the QMS initiative. 1.4) Discuss organisational versus process approaches to the implementation of a QMS.   Two major approaches to implementation of QMS are the Organisational and the Process approaches. The organisational approach to QMS represents an organisation wide effort to produce and deliver quality products and services to its customers. All the four factors of production namely men , material, money and management contribute to the overall effort of achieving its goals and objectives. Based on the Agree-Say-Do-Improve (ISO 9001: 2008) cycle, it enables an organisation to obtain a clear perspective on what needs to be done and provides an understanding of the structure and requirements of the ISO standard. The first stage involves a clear understanding of what exactly

Young Children Exercise And Obesity Health And Social Care Essay

Young Children Exercise And Obesity Health And Social Care Essay Above given is a case study of on lifestyle health intervention. It is main case study for the following essay. The essay can be a It shall be a critical analysis of intervention`s design, delivery and those evaluation methodologies, which were being utilized for data gathering or desired outcome measuring the specified study. for this study. A critical discussion (in the light of relevant theories) of activities during developmental phase to evaluation phase of a health intervention shall be the topic of this essay move this line above the previous line.. For discussion, the essay is being divided into three parts. Part one highlights introduction and rationale for the choice of study. The second part explores and critically analyse the key features of the intervention`s methodology, design, and delivery by comparing it with other comparators and relevant literature. Final part covers evaluation methodologies employed to measure the desired outcomes of intervention, includes data collection for measuring outcome, process and fidelity of implementation. Sedentary behaviour is an unhealthy lifestyle. Spending more time in front of computer, TV viewing, video games playing, also not participating in outdoor activities (playing games), inactive parents who also do not support or help their children to be active, bad weather, and lack of insufficient health education in schools and communities are not only helping factors for enhancing this sedentary behaviour but the blame also goes to those cultural environments which promote physical inactivity and excessive eating. Because of this unhealthy lifestyle obesity is growing rapidly in UK. Childhood obesity is dangerous because it tracks into adulthood. In boys and girls aged 2-10 years, obesity increased from 10% in 1995 to 17% in 2005; further 16% boys and 12% girls are overweight (HSE, 2005). Data from National Child Measurement Programme showing that in England 13% children of aged 4-5 and 14.3% children of aged 10-11 are overweight; further 9.6% children of aged 4-5 years and 18.3% c hildren of aged 10-11 are obese. It is very clear that unhealthy lifestyle plays an important role in the development and maintenance for obesity (NCMP/2008). Improving lifestyles is thought to be one of the most effective means of reducing mortality and morbidity in the developed world. However, despite decades of health promotion, there has been no significant difference to lifestyles and instead there are rising levels of inactivity and obesity (Kathryn Thirlaway, 2008). In UK even majority of adults 37% of men and 25% of women are meeting the government target of at least thirty/30 minutes of intense physical activity for five/5 days per week but still there is a considerable public health burden due to physically inactive people. Every year more than 356,000 people are dying due to different cancers and cardiovascular diseases. Physical inactivity is not only responsible for this death toll but is one of major cause (Steven Allender et al, 2006). According to chief medical statement physically active people can reduce up to 50% risk of having any major disease like cancer and cardiovascular diseases but they can also prolong their liv es up to 20% to 30% (D.O.H, 2004). Unhealthy lifestyle has become a public health problem because of its association with major diseases. This is the reason for promoting healthy lifestyle different governments in United Kingdom have been introducing different interventions. In policy forms and in different schools and community based settings. Healthy weight, healthy life, child measurement programme, change 4 life, and in past LEAP project (Local Exercise Action Pilots), changes in schools curriculum for making physical activities and health education compulsory, providing healthy meals in schools and the most recent policy over salt usage are some of the great examples. To tackle above mentioned catastrophe there is an acute need of intervention. According to government policy for health promotion, an evidence based strategy for promoting healthy lifestyles is underpinning with national and local health improvement policies. Any intervention that can help in preventing obesity should be given high value. Because it is well known, in the absence of any intervention 50% of obese children will become obese adults (National audit office London, 2001). By following the health promotion principle of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health (W.H.O 2005), many theories explain health behaviour and a change in health behaviour. Health Belief Model (HBM), Theory of Reasoned action, social learning and Transtheoretical (stages of change) Model, theory of health education are the examples. All of them are underpinning the practise of health promotion. Understanding of these theories is very essential while developing or designing health behaviour change intervention as the theory is logical place to begin (John kemm et al.) and theories provide bases for study design. National Institute of Health also argues that a theory is a systematic way of understanding events or situation and needs to be applicable to broad verity of situation, (NIH, 2005). This mean theories provide bases and a structure of knowledge can be built upon. For example theory of health belief model by focusing on individual`s perceptions of benefits and threats to his/her health further explains that a person`s attitude is determined by his/her knowledge and on that bases he/she acts. This means that, when person gain knowledge about something that influence the attitude and on that basis a change (step wise) in his/her actions occur. Therefore, theoretical understanding of change while developing intervention is also very important. For example, for this study (MAGIC) the concept of enhancing physical activity was being derived by the theory of health belief model (HBM) and by adopting health education model approach, an attempt of behaviour change among school children was being made. The MAGIC example is reflecting that for the study the theory of health belief provided a base and on that a health education model was being built. Basically, by following health promotion principal the MAGIC programme was being designed to promote healthy lifestyle with the help of health educa tion. Using scientific research as a base for developing sound practices in public health is called evidence based approach, which integrates research and practice (Liz Trinder et al. 2000). Was there any need for developing an intervention to improve physical activity among young children? Is MAGIC program evidence based? These questions can be answered by evaluating an intervention at developmental stage. For example, a literature search (systematic review and meta-analysis) for gathering the relevant evidences had been conducted for MAGIC programme. For the purpose researchers had set an inclusion and exclusion criterion for similar case studies to conduct a systematic review and that is systematic way of evidence finding. It was very important to search for those evidences which would help them in not repeating those mistakes while developing a design which had been causing failure previously. Therefore, it was very important to know what had been done so for. What kind of methods and designs had been used or what was already known about similar interventions and what needed to be done more or different. So the evidence based strategy can be adopted from different perspectives, of a researcher`s like creating hypothesis and design building which further maximise the strength of design and can even helpful in programme delivery. A logical model can be built on the bases of evidences which further can forecast the outcome of an intervention.

Indigo :: essays research papers

Amber Hutchison Post Modern Fiction Indigo February 23, 2000 People are born with passion. The irony is that most people spend all their lives searching for that passion without looking inside that soul to the heart of the passion. The trick to discovering that passion is to find what makes us happy. For Indigo the main character of Sassafras, Cypress and Indigo by her passion lies in the music she creates from her soul while using her violin as her tool. From a modern literary criticism standpoint this passion is seen through her characterization and the symbolic use of the violin. However in peeling back the layers and focusing on this story from a Post – Modern standpoint the reader uncovers deeper issues. There is a sense of discontinuity in the linear structure that leads to a discovery about the cultural issues in this story. Indigo challenges the boundaries of her age and a society that struggles to find a place for her and her soul. That is going under the assumption t hat there is a place. "Indigo did not tell her mother about Mr. Lucas being so evil, nor did she mention that her new fiddle could talk."(Norton 43) With in the first few lines of the story Indigo’s violin begins its transformation from merely and instrument to an extension of her soul. Symbolically Indigo’s violin is representative of her soul. With her violin Indigo pursues the passions of her soul as she struggles to find her place somewhere between childhood and womanhood. Indigo’s mother begs her not to play the violin anymore at night because the neighbors complained about the awful noise. She forces Indigo to take lessons or go somewhere else to play. By rejection her violin her mother rejects the heart and soul of Indigo. Only when she flees to Sister Marie Louise’s shed is she able to play her music and bare her soul to the world. The violin takes on the presence of sin in her life as her mother forbids her to play. It is the forbidden fruit that Indigo longs to taste. Indigo’s character constantly revolves through the turmoil of a young adolescent on the brink of woman hood. "Then she would blush, hurriedly out the fiddle back into the case, the Colored and Romance having got the best of her."(Norton 45) Indigo is not ready to take that final step into womanhood but she is brave enough to sample.